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Factors that Influence Ethical Behaviors
Ethical actions and decisions of leaders are determined by a plethora of ethical factors (Johnson, 2019). Johnson (2019) and Koukl (2017) list these factors as nationalism, global citizenship, diversity, complexity, and God’s call to love. Nationalism considers arguments for institutional recognition of a nation’s identity and appropriate limits of national accommodation (Koch & Perreault, 2019). Global citizenship is a deeper understanding of universal values such as peace and dignity or the sustainability of mankind and their rights (Barrow, 2017). Diversity acknowledges the multiple beliefs and the actions of people deemed as right or wrong (Rabl et al., 2020). Complexities are ethical virtues that underscore the presence of character in a person while ascertaining ones attitude or actions by embracing a complex state of mind (Cates, 2019). God’s call to love directs leaders through the Word to mirror God’s love for the world seen through Jesus’ willingness to die for all souls and save us from sin. This is the ultimate revelation of God’s love (Koukl, 2017; The Holy Bible, John 3:16, KJV).
Ethical Nationalism
Bonikowski and Dimaggio (2016) contest that nationalism looks at discussions regarding moral worth of a country to ascertain political and social traits. Koch and Perreault (2019) posit that a country’s political and social traits are ethical only if the country’s ideals and values are consistent with the state. These assertions suggest that nationalism is designed as a unifier when considered politically and socially. Zeng & Sparks (2020) share the example of the Made is the USA campaign in which products and materials produce in the United States are superior to those from other nations. In China, official nationalism is changing to popular nationalism. This is a result of China’s recent trade battles with the United States (Zeng & Sparks, 2020). This research concludes that President Trump’s administration damaged China’s trade reputation with the United States leaving China as a victim of economic aggression (Zeng & Sparks, 2020). The study from these authors provides that competition and unethical natures of two countries creates popular nationalism and dampening official nationalism through collaboration.
Ethical Global Citizenship
Global citizens identify with a certain community to uphold their heritage and culture (Barrow, 2017). Johnson (2019) suggests that globalization, by way of free trade, travel, and immigration, effects societies. He also suggests that people are accountable for the representation of ethical global citizenship. This illuminates the need to build strong cross-cultural competencies to identify the risks of globalization and the challenges of ethical diversity (Johnson, 2019). Nations with a capitalist approach through the valuation of greed over ethics and spirituality do not possess a global citizenship perspective (Reniert, 2015).
Ethical Diversity and Complexity
Ethical diversity faces challenges that arise from nations, ethnic groups, and religions that address moral dilemmas in different ways (Johnson, 2019). Moral standards are a beacon for ethical principles, however, not everyone has the same moral standards. Complexities and extraordinary virtues, traits, and morals of a person and interconnects with ethical diversity (Cates, 2019). Building cross-cultural competencies helps to prevent ethical diversity challenges such as ethnocentrism (Johnson, 2019). Johnson (2019) opines that ethnocentricity breeds a worldview that focuses on one culture only and the complexities of that culture risk deeper ethnocentric potentials. Johnson (2019) suggests that ethical leaders be mindful of cultural diversity and utilize a “pluralistic perspective” that recognizes the many cultures and beliefs present and assist in preventing moral exclusion.
Ethical Hospitality
Zembylas (2020) offers that ethical hospitality is a social and political concept embracing the inclusion of acceptable citizenship behaviors. Thusly, ethical hospitality correlates nationalism, global citizenship, diversity, and complexity. The United States’ relationship with Egypt is a showing of such hospitality. The United States assisted Egypt economically and militarily with the provision of more than $80 billion in resources (U.S. Department of State, 2021). The United States and Egypt work together in the advancement of healthcare quality. Farrag and Harris (2021) assess collaborative efforts between these two nations to improve the accessibility of healthcare through many platforms. These authors explain the work of both countries in advancing healthcare through the observation of challenges industrial nations face; then they use experience to advance healthcare in developing nations.
The efforts of these two nations is an example of nationalism through unity between citizen and government strategies and goals; global citizenship through interactivity of industrialized nations to create healthcare plans for developing nations; and diversity and complexity through interactivity of different cultures and beliefs to realize utilitarianism (Farrag & Harris, 2021; Johnson, 2019). Zembylas (2020) states that ethical hospitality welcomes people without consideration of legal or political dimensions and does so without condition.
Ethical Leaders’ Roles in Navigating through Global Citizenship
Ethical leaders are dependent on ethical competencies and morals to guide global citizenship (Johnson, 2019). They must utilize cultural change efforts with a foundation of global citizenship and address diversity and complexity issues within that citizenship (Cates, 2019). Johnson (2019) suggests that leaders create ethical drivers to propagate ethical changes is a systematic way through analysis, engagement, socialization, and ethics training. As a form Air Force service member, the student affirms the importance of diversity through globalization and cultural awareness to achieve ethical compliance.
Leaders with a Christian worldview exhibit global behaviors and are dependent on God’s word to guide their actions as global citizens. Psalm 82:3 gives direction to leaders; “Defend the poor and fatherless: do justice to the afflicted and needy” (The Holy Bible, Psalm 82:3, KJV). Romans 8:14-16 tells of how Christians leaders are different than secular leaders. Christians are led by the Holy Spirit and interconnects their values and beliefs to the acceptable nationalism and citizenship perspectives. This is done while acknowledging diversity and complexity in all people.
References
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